Indices up 7 stocks rising 7 falling

In today’s trading on the Jamaica Stock Exchange the prices of 7 stocks rose and 7 declined as 25 securities traded resulting in 1,471,306 shares trading valued at $4,633,311.

Main Market| 6 companies in the main market advanced and 5 declined as the indices gained with the JSE Market Index increasing 588.46 points to 70,821.20 and the JSE All Jamaican Composite index rose 658 points to close at 77,899.17.
Gains| Stocks recording gains at the end of trading in the main market are Carreras trading 10,877 shares to close with a gain of 1.15 cents at $35.25, Grace Kennedy traded 7,000 units and gained 50 cents to close at $54, Jamaica Broilers 6,700 shares to rise by a cent to close at $4.71, Kingston Properties 5,680 units to increase 50 cents to close at $4, Sagicor Group 11,446 shares and gained 15 cents to close at $8.90 and Sagicor Real Estate Fund 9,800 rose 10 cents to close at $6.70.
Firm| The stocks in the main market to close without a change in price are Caribbean Cement with 1,000 shares closing at $2.70, Gleaner with 45,000 shares to close at $1.10, Jamaica Money Market Brokers 7,000 units to end at $7, Jamaica Producers 500 shares to close at $18.24, Cable & Wireless 74,877 shares at 28 cents, Mayberry Investments 140,020 units to close at $1.80, Scotia Investments 944 units and closed at $23 and Supreme Ventures 97,337 shares at $2 at the close.
Declines| The number of stocks that declined in the main market are Kingston Wharves with 8,600 shares while losing 15 cents to end at $5.05, National Commercial Bank lost 3 cents to close at $17.47 with 18,618 units changing hands, Radio Jamaica 31,392 shares to close at $1.29 for a 1 cent decline,
Salada Foods 16,000 shares as the price closed 20 cents at $7.60 and Scotia Group 6,400 hares after losing 10 cents to close at $19.10.

Preference Shares| There were two shares in the preference sector to trade with Jamaica Money Market Brokers 8.75% preference share trading 665,425 units at $3.03 without change and Proven Investments 8% preference share 11,500 units to close unchanged at $5.09.

Junior Market| The JSE Junior Market Index declined by 1.74 points to close at 736.20 as only 4 stocks traded with 1 advancing and 2 declining.
Gains| Caribbean Producers was the only stock to gain at the end of trading in the junior market as company traded 12,000 units to close with a 20 cents at $2.85.
Firm Trades| Derrimon Trading with 12,500 units and closed at $2.28 and was the sole stock in the junior market that traded to close at the same price as the day before.
Declines| Stocks declining in the junior market at the end of trading are Consolidated Bakeries with 132,000 shares as the price lost 5 cents to close at 85 cents and Lasco Manufacturing traded 138,690 units to close with a 4 cents loss at $1.06.
IC bid-offer Indicator| At the end of trading the Investor’s Choice bid-offer indicator had 4 stocks with the bid higher than the last selling price and 6 stocks with offers that were lower.

Market gives back gains

In today’s trading on the Jamaica Stock Exchange saw the prices of 5 stocks rise and 9 decline as 30 securities traded resulting in 2,017,726 units changing hands valued at $25,146,924 as the main market gave back all of the gains it enjoyed on Monday.
JSE 3-6-14 sumMain Market| 4 companies in the main market advanced and 8 declined as the indices fell with the JSE Market Index slipping 337.72 points to 70,232.74 and the JSE All Jamaican Composite index eased 377.62 points to close at 77,241.17.
Gains| Stocks recording gains at the end of trading in the main market are Hardware & Lumber with 20,000 shares as the price rose 50 cents to close at $10.50, Kingston Wharves 2,000 units with a gain of 16 cents to close at $5.20, Mayberry Investments with 52,000 shares as the price gained 4 cents to close at $1.80 and Scotia Group with 80,402 shares to rise by 13 cents to close at $19.20.
Firm| The stocks in the main market to close without a change in price are Caribbean Cement that traded 1,000 units and closed at $2.70, Ciboney 571,386 units and closed at 10 cents, Cable & Wireless 21,678 units to close at 28 cents, National Commercial Bank 261,698 units to close at $17.50, Scotia Investments 6,439 units as the price closed at $23, Seprod 22,459 shares at $10.50 and Supreme Ventures 5,000 shares at $2.
Declines| The number of stocks that declined in the main market are Carreras with 45,367 shares while losing $1.15 to close at $34.10, Desnoes & Geddes with 7,200 units, losing 5 cents to end at $4.25,
Gleaner 100,100 shares as the price lost 2 cents to close at $1.10, Grace Kennedy 268,646 units with a fall of 50 cents to $53.50, Jamaica Broilers 94,000 shares, the price was down by a cent to close at $4.70, Pan Jamaican Investment 15,385 shares, closing 2 cents lower to end at $48.40, Sagicor Group 24,833 shares as the price dipped 55 cents to close at $8.75 and Sagicor Real Estate Fund 22,591 units while losing 10 cents to end at $6.60.
Preference shares| 5 preference shares traded with prices unchanged at the close of the market with Jamaica Money Market Brokers 7.50% preference share trading 75,000 units to close at $2, followed by Jamaica Money Market Brokers 8.75% preference share with 42,700 units to end at $3.03, Jamaica Public Service 6% preference share with just 500 units at 40 cents, Jamaica Public Service 7% preference share 700 units at 39 cents and Proven Investments 8% preference share with 2,000 units and closed at $5.09.
Junior Market| The JSE Junior Market Index gained 1.15 points to close at 734.46 as only 6 stocks traded with 1 advancing and 1 declining.
Gains| Only one stock recorded gains at the end of trading in the junior market as Consolidated Bakeries with 191,823 units trading gained 10 cents to close at 90 cents
Firm Trades| The stocks in the junior market stocks that traded to close at the same price as the day before are Access Financial trading 403 units to close at $13.50, Dolphin Cove 3,400 shares to close at $8.50, Jamaican Teas 50,000 units to end at $3.21 and Lasco Manufacturing with 26,016 shares to close at $1.10.
Declines| One stock declined in the junior market at the end of trading as Lasco Distributors traded 3,000 units to close with a loss of 3 cent at $1.32.
IC bid-offer Indicator| At the end of trading the Investor’s Choice bid-offer indicator had 8 stocks with the bid higher than the last selling price and 5 stocks with offers that were lower.

Proven closes FGFS deal at $2B

proven_logo150x150Proven paid US$18.6 million or J$2.05 billion for FGFS a note in the company’s latest audited report stated. In April Grace Kennedy stated in a release to the stock exchange that the transaction is valued at $3.05 billion but excludes the seat on the Jamaican Stock exchange which the Grace group will keep.
Grace Kennedy advised the stock exchange of the finalization of divestment of the shares held by subsidiary, First Global Holdings Limited in First Global Financial Services Limited (FGFS) to Proven Investments Limited effective May 30, 2014. Proven has changed of name of the company to PWL Transition Ltd. Proven have also indicated to the public that the name has been changed to and closed the former FGFS offices at Duke Street in Kingston, Ward Street in Mandeville and Bogue in Montego Bay relocating the operations to existing Proven offices in those locations.
Proven made profit of US$3.78 million for the year to March 2014 compared with US$4.2 million in 2013 from lower revenues of US$13.2 versus US$14.4 million.

Advancing stocks dominant

In Monday’s trading on the Jamaica Stock Exchange advancing stocks was most dominant as June started with price mostly up with the prices of 14 stocks recording gains and 5 declined as 30 securities traded resulting in 3,459,512 shares trading valued at $16,201,075. There was one new all-time high at the end of trading as Access Financial recorded a $1.50 increase.JSE 2-6-14sumMain Market| The price of 10 companies in the main market rose and only 3 declined as the indices moved up with the JSE Market Index rising by 312.54 points to 70,570.46 and the JSE All Jamaican Composite index moved up by 349.47 points to close at 77,618.79.
Gains| Stocks recording gains at the end of trading in the main market are Barita Investments 1,150,000 shares and rose 9 cents to close at $2.34, Carreras with 11,652 units trading closed with a gain of$1.05 at $35.25, Desnoes & Geddes gained 5 cents to close at $4.30 with 11,025 units changing hands, Gleaner with 20,000 shares closed up by 2 cents at $1.12, Jamaica Broilers 69,833 shares an d gained a cent to close at $4.71, Mayberry Investments 1,122 units and gained 6 cents to close at $1.76, National Commercial Bank had 17,894 shares trading up by 5 cents to close at $17.50 after trading as low as $16.55 before the close, Pan Jamaican Investment put in only 507 units to close at $48.42 for a 2 cents rise, Radio Jamaica had 3,500 shares changing hands with a cent gain to close at $1.30 and Sagicor Group traded 851,708 units to close at $9.30, up 35 cents.
Firm| There were only 4 ordinary stocks in the main market to close without a change in price as Berger Paints with 3,592 units and closed at $1.66, Cable & Wireless with 293,293 shares changing hands to close at 28 cents but traded as high as 32 cents during trading. Grace Kennedy traded 2,561 units and closed at $54, Scotia Investments had 700 shares trading and closed at $23 after profits results to April quarter showed a 12 percent increase to $415 million and Seprod with only 124 units and closed at $10.50.
Preference shares| There were a series of preference shares trading on the market with Jamaica Money Market Brokers 7.50% preference share having 50,000 units changing hands and closed at $2, Jamaica Money Market Brokers 8.75% preference share 651,500 units and closed at $3.03, followed by Jamaica Public Service 5% C preference share, 500 units to close at 36 cents and Jamaica Public Service 5% D preference share, 8,945 units to close at 35 cents.
Declines| The number of stocks that declined in the main market are Caribbean Cement with 1,500 to close at $2.70 with a decline of 15 cents, Jamaica Producers traded just 270 shares as the price eased by a cent to close at $18.24 and Scotia Group with 109,330 units to close at $19.07 after shedding 53 cents following the release of six months showing a 16 percent decline in profits to $2.28 billion for the in the April quarter from a one percent fall in revenues and a decline of profit after tax for the six months of $4.7 billion versus $5.3 billion in 2013.
Junior Market| The JSE Junior Market Index gained 11.60 points to close at 733.31 as 8 stocks traded with 4 advancing and 2 declining.
Gains| Stocks recording gains at the end of trading in the junior market are Access Financial traded 7,765 shares and gained $1.50 to close at $13.50 for a new all-time high, Caribbean Cream with 100,000 to close a cents higher at 75 cents, Caribbean Flavours put on a cent to close at $2.51 while trading 38,500 units and General Accident Insurance with 10,191 units gained 2 cents to close at $1.52.
Firm Trades| The stocks in the junior market stocks that traded to close at the same price as the day before with AMG Packaging having 1,500 units trading to close at $3.30 and Lasco Financial 5,000 shares and closed at $1.15.
Declines| Stocks declining in the junior market at the end of trading are Honey Bun 2,000 units to close with a 3 cents fall to $3.02 and Lasco Manufacturing with 35,000 shares to close at $1.10 down 2 cents after full year results to March this year was down to $584.45 million or 14 cents per share compared with $640 million for 2013.
IC bid-offer Indicator| At the end of trading the Investor’s Choice bid-offer indicator had 5 stocks with the bid higher than the last selling price and 4 stocks with offers that were lower

Jamaica stocks fall again

In Friday’s trading on the Jamaica Stock Exchange there were more prices declining than rising as 24 securities traded, 6 stocks rose and 10 declined resulting from 3,903,650 shares trading valued at $25,770,886.
Main Market| 5 companies in the main market advanced and 8 declined as the indices lost altitude with the JSE Market Index erasing 599.73 points to close at 70,257.92 and the JSE All Jamaican Composite index falling 670.61 points to close at 77,269.32.
JSE 30-5-14sumGains| Stocks recording gains at the end of trading in the main market are Carreras in exchanging 326,379 shares to close with a gain of 20 cents at $$34.20, Mayberry Investments with 4,280 shares changing hands, gained 5 cents to close at $1.70, Sagicor Group with 78,268 units changing hands, rose by 5 cents to end at $8.95, Sagicor Real Estate Fund had just 710 units changing hands at $6.70 for a 20 cents gain and Scotia Group with 102,134 shares closed at $19.60 with a 60 cents gain, minutes before trading ended.
Firm| There were only 5 stocks in the main market to close without a price change as Cable & Wireless with 122,189 shares changing hands closed at 28 cents, Gleaner traded 50,000 units and closed at $1.10, Jamaica Money Market Brokers traded only 2,700 shares in closing at $7, followed by Jamaica Money Market Brokers 7.50% preference share with 154,000 units to end at $2 and the Jamaica Money Market Brokers 8.75% preference share traded 141,925 shares to close at $3.03.
Declines| The number of stocks that declined in the main market are Barita Investments with 5,000 shares to close at $2.25 while losing 5 cents, Desnoes & Geddes 28,300 units to close at $4.25 with the price slipping by 20 cents, Grace Kennedy traded 69,030 to close a cent lower at $54, Jamaica Broilers 24,927 shares to close at $4.70 while losing 5 cents, Jamaica Producers traded only 2,700 units in closing at $18.25 with a fall of a cent, National Commercial Bank 159,772 shares to close at $17.45, down 5 cents, Scotia Investments had 44,161 shares changing hands to close at $23 falling back by the same amount it gained the previous day of $2.49 and Supreme Ventures 60,000 units in closing at $2 but fell by a cent.
Junior Market| The JSE Junior Market Index declined by 1.33 points to close at 721.71 as only 6 stocks traded with one advancing and 2 declining.
Gains| Lasco Manufacturing traded 2,429,994 shares to close at $1.12 and gained 2 cents as the only stock to record a gain in the junior market.
Firm Trades| The stocks in the junior market stocks that traded to close at the same price as the previous trading day are Consolidated Bakeries which traded just 1,000 units to close at 80 cents, Jamaican Teas 15,839 shares as the price closed at $3.21 and Lasco Financial put through 14,400 units at $1.15.
Declines| Stocks declining in the junior market at the end of trading are Blue Power with 50,942 shares to close at $9.01 with 9 cents decline and Caribbean Producers 15,000 units to close down 10 cents at $2.65.
IC bid-offer Indicator| At the end of trading the Investor’s Choice bid-offer indicator had 5 stocks with the bid higher than the last selling price and 4 stocks with offers that were lower.

H&L profit up 310%

HardwareLumber_Bldg150x150Profit after tax at Hardware & Lumber (H&L) was $40 million for the three months ending March this year, a 310 percent increase over the $10 million for the same period in 2013 resulting in earnings per share of 50 cents, compared to 12 cents for the comparative period in 2013. Return on equity based on the first quarter results is 13.6 percent, based on IC Insider’s projection of $434 million or $5.40 per share for profit after tax for 2014, the return on equity should hit a strong 31 percent.
Revenue| Sales for the 2014 quarter was $1.81 billion, 17 percent more than the $1.55 billion achieved in 2013. According to management in their report to Jamaica Stock Exchange” revenue in the ‘Household, Hardware and Building Products’ segment increased by 16.7 percent while the ‘Agricultural Products and Equipment’ segment recorded growth of 17.7 percent. All of our merchandise categories did well, led by the building supplies division which delivered significant revenue growth, albeit at lower margins. The overall improved performance was realized in both the wholesale and retail divisions of the business through the expansion of product assortment, improvements in availability and by working closer with our customers to better understand and supply their needs”.
Gross profit| H&L achieved $411.5 million in gross profit or a meagre one percent gain over the corresponding period in the prior year. “The average margins declined by 3.6 percent, due primarily to the sales mix and higher product costs. Total operating expenses were $376 million or 4.6 percent lower than the comparative period in the prior year. The company realized savings in pension and other retirement benefits costs from the changes to the benefits programmes implemented at the end of 2013. In addition, several categories of expenses including staff costs, utilities and repairs and maintenance expenses were reduced through ongoing process improvement and cost containment”
“Net current assets increased by 12.4 percent to $1.05 billion, caused mainly by increased inventory and accounts receivable balances. The value of inventory increased to $1,448.4 million, partly due to the higher cost of the United States dollar as well as a desire to maintain adequate inventory levels to ensure consistent product availability for our customers” management indicated.
At the end of March, cash was $313 million representing a decline of $45 million when compared to the balance at March, 2013, equity stood at $1.2 billion.

JPS profit climbs

JPSPower600x250Profit at the Jamaica Public Service Company jumped in the March 2014 quarter even as revenues fell. Profit came out at US$7 million from revenues of US$262.6 million versus only US$877,000 in the 2013 quarter from revenues of US$271.7 million in 2013. Gross profit amounted to US$69.8 million down marginally from US$70.6 million in 2013.
Expenses| Operating expenses fell 8 by percent to reach US$45.7 million and finance cost declined from $17.65 million down to $14.65 million. JPS provided $3.56 million for corporation tax on the profit of $10.7 million.
Shareholders equity stood at US$336 million at the end of March and loans at $366 million.

Carreras to pay $1.75

Carreras 4Carreras declared an interim dividend of $1.75 per stock unit to be paid on June 26 to stockholders on June 12, 2014. The X dividend date is June 10. The coming dividend brings the total payment for the 12 months to June this year to $6.55, providing a dividend yield from July last year to 12.4 percent. Since July last 2013, the value of the stock declined by 17 percent over the same period.

The company paid an interim dividend of $1.62 per share on March 13, 2014. Interim dividends of a dollar per share each were paid in August and November last year. A special capital cash distribution of $1.18 was also paid on January 30, this year. In June 20, 2013, an interim dividend of $1.30 per share and a special dividend of 94 cents per share were paid.

Jamaica Money Market Brokers (JMMB) declared a dividend of 17 cents per ordinary share payable to shareholders on record as at June 12 to be paid on June 26, 2014. The X dividend date is June 10.  Last year a dividend of 10 per share was paid on March 28 and 16 cents per share was paid on December 18.

Mayberry Investments approved an ordinary dividend payment of 12 cents per share payable on June 18, 2014 to shareholders on record as at June 10, 2014. The X dividend date is June 6. The company paid a dividend of 12 cents per share on December 27, 2013.

Dolphin Cove declared an interim dividend of 15 cents per share, payable on Monday June 30, 2014 to shareholders on record at Thursday June 12, 2014 with the X dividend date being June 10. An interim dividend of $0.15 per share was last paid on April 9, on December 4, last year, 10 cents per share was paid, 10 cents per share on September 16, 10 cents per share on June 6 and 10 in March 28 last year.

Proven Investment will be paying a dividend of US$0.0020 per share to all ordinary shareholders on record on June 10, 2014 with the payment date of June 24, 2014. The X dividend date is June 6th. A dividend payment of $J0.10 was declared for preference shareholders with a record date of June 9 and payment date of June 23, 2014. X dividend date June 5th, 2014.  

Honey Bun to consider Honey Bun directors will be meeting on June 2, 2014 to discuss dividend payment.

Market records more gains

In Thursday’s trading on the Jamaica Stock Exchange the prices of 10 stocks rose, 5 declined as 25 securities traded resulting in only 1,688,152 shares changing hands valued at a mere $4,985,668.
JSE 29-5-14sumMain Market| 6 companies in the main market recorded gains following yesterday’s moderate recovery, 4 declined with the indices recording moderate gains as the JSE Market Index rose 462 points to 70,857.65 and the JSE All Jamaican Composite index recovered 516.61 points to close at 77,939.93.
Gains| Stocks recording gains at the end of trading in the main market are Cable & Wireless with 230,108 units changing hands with a cent increase to close at 28 cents, Caribbean Cement 14,250 shares to close up by 34 cents at $2.85, Carreras 500 shares to close with a gain of 50 cents to $34, Desnoes & Geddes 100 shares to close at $4.45 with a 15 cents gain, Grace Kennedy with 6,600 units closed at $54.01, just a cent ahead of the previous day’s close and Scotia Investments 17,000 shares to close with an increase of $2.49 to end at $25.49.
Firm| There were only 5 stocks in the main market to close without a change in price with Jamaica Broilers trading 18,000 shares in closing at $4.75, Jamaica Money Market Brokers 25,000 units and closed at $7, Jamaica Money Market Brokers 7.50% preference share, traded 50,000 units and closed at $2 and the 8.75% preference share 152,194 units and closed at $3.03 as National Commercial Bank put in 32,397 units and closed at $17.50.
Declines| The number of stocks that declined in the main market are Jamaica Money Market Brokers 8.50% preference share with 10,000 units as the price closed with a loss of a cent to end at $3.50, followed by Mayberry Investments with 428,310 shares as the price closed at $1.65 with a 6 cents decline for a new 52 weeks low, Sagicor Group with 12,555 shares to close at $8.90 for a 10 cents drop and Scotia Group 37,016 units as the price ended at $19 with a fall of 30 cents.
Junior Market| The JSE Junior Market Index rose by 2.74 points to close at 723.04 as 10 stocks traded with 4 advancing and one declining.
Gains| Stocks recording gains at the end of trading in the junior market are Blue Power with 10,202 units to close at $9.10 with an increase of 9 cents, Caribbean Producers with 30,388 units changing hands to close at $2.75 for 10 cents gain, Lasco Financial 5,915 shares as the price rose 2 cents to end at $1.15 and Lasco Manufacturing with 313,059 units to close at $1.10 with a 5 cents gain.
Firm Trades| 5 stocks in the junior market traded to close at the same price as the day before with Cargo Handlers trading 4,227 units to close at$14.01, Derrimon Trading with 20,450 units to finish at $2.28, Dolphin Cove 1,500 shares to close at $8.50, Lasco Distributors exchanging 126,839 shares to close at $1.35 and Medical Disposables closing with 121,542 shares at $2.
Declines| Jamaican Teas with 20,000 shares changing hands while losing 28 cents as the price settled at $3.21 was the only stock declining in the junior market at the end of trading.
IC bid-offer Indicator| At the end of trading the Investor’s Choice bid-offer indicator had 5 stocks with the bid higher than the last selling price and 5 stocks with offers that were lower.

Market enjoys small recovery

In today’s trading on the Jamaica Stock Exchange the prices of 6 stocks rose and 8 declined compared with to 5 advancing to 14 falling on the previous trading day. Overall 26 securities traded resulting in 6,005,633 shares trading valued at $34,810,227.
JSE 28-5-14sumMain Market| 4 companies in the main market increased and 6 declined as the indices moved up marginally with the JSE Market Index inching up by 118.63 points to 70,395.65 and the JSE All Jamaican Composite index advanced by 132.65 points to close at 77,423.32.
Gains| Stocks recording gains at the end of trading in the main market are Grace Kennedy with 73,961 shares to close with a gain of 50 cents at $54, Kingston Wharves with 500 units changing hands and closed at $5.04 with a 4 cents gain, Sagicor Group with 12,380 shares in closing at $9 for a gain of 25 cents and Scotia Group 229,226 units to close at $19.30, up by 30 cents.
Firm| There were only 8 stocks in the main market to close without a change in price are Desnoes & Geddes 106,929 shares closing at $4.30, Gleaner with 1,000 units in closing at $1.10, Jamaica Money Market Brokers 8.75% preference share with 1,294,783 units in closing at $3.03, Kingston Properties 264,965 shares with the price closing at $3.50, Mayberry Investments 62,000 shares while closing at $1.71, Pan Jamaican Investment with 63,526 shares closing at $48.20, Sagicor Real Estate Fund 31,700 units to close at $6.50 and Supreme Ventures 51,000 shares as the price finished at $2.01.
Declines| The number of stocks that declined in the main market are Berger Paints with 117,000 units and closed at $1.66 for a one cent gain, Cable & Wireless 1,185,108 shares to close down 3 cents at 27 cents, Caribbean Cement 4,607 shares as the price dipped 49 cents in closing at $2.51, Jamaica Money Market Brokers with 2,112,342 units to close down 10 cents at $7, National Commercial Bank with 47,985 units to end with a 50 cents decline at $17.50 and Seprod with 72,214 units changing hands at 30 cents lower at $10.50.
Junior Market| The JSE Junior Market Index gained by 11.66 points to close at720.30 as 8 stocks traded with 2 advancing and 2 declining.
Gains| Stocks recording gains at the end of trading in the junior market are Dolphin Cove with 2,000 at $8.50 with a gain of 40 cents at the end and Lasco Manufacturing that traded 42,000 units to close at $1.05, up by 5 cents.
Firm Trades| 4 stocks in the junior market stocks that traded to close at the same price as the day before with Access Financial trading 5,000 units at $12, Caribbean Producers with 24,955 units at $2.65
General Accident Insurance 122,372 units at $1.50 and Medical Disposables 3,800 units at $2.
Declines| Stocks declining in the junior market at the end of trading are Lasco Distributors with 71,280 shares to close with a 5 cents fall to $1.35 and Lasco Financial with only 3,000 shares as the price closed at $1.13 and was off by 2 cents.
IC bid-offer Indicator| At the end of trading the Investor’s Choice bid-offer indicator had 3 stocks with the bid higher than the last selling price and 5 stocks with offers that were lower.