The Main Market and Junior Market of the Jamaica Stock Exchange rose moderately on Wednesday but with reduced volume and value of stocks traded but the JSE USD Index declined even as the volume and value in that market rose over that on Tuesday.
Trading ended after the JSE Combined Market Index popped 114.63 points to close at 345,682.27. The All Jamaican Composite Index rose 178.41 points to 369,782.50, the JSE Main Index fell 54.13 points to 333,991.90 but the Junior Market Index rose 18.04 points to 3,719.15 and the JSE USD Market Index dipped 3.55 points to settle at 236.38.
Shares in the preference segment of the Main Market not included in the TOP10 graphs ended with Jamaica Public Service 7% shedding $5 in closing at $85.
At the close, investors exchanged 15,209,895 shares in all three markets, sharply down from 41,256,345 units on Tuesday, with the value of stocks trading amounting to $104.96 million up from $187.5 million on Tuesday. Trading on the JSE USD market resulted in investors exchanging 455,073 shares for US$31,454 up from 12,114 units at US$1,838 on Tuesday.
The market’s PE ratio ended at 17.2 on 2022-23 earnings and 11.5 times those for 2023-24 at the close of trading.
Investors need pertinent information to successfully navigate numerous investment options in the local stock market. The ICInsider.com PE ratio chart and the more detailed daily report charts provide investors with regularly updated information to help decision-making.
Investors should use the chart to help make rational decisions when investing in stocks close to the average for the sector and not going too far from it unless there are compelling reasons to do so. This approach helps to remove emotions from investment decisions and put in on fundamentals while at the same time not being too far from the majority of investors. Investors who buy when the price of a stock is close to the average will find that they are not inclined to overpay for a stock.
The ICInsider.com PE ratio chart covers all ordinary shares on the Jamaica Stock Exchange and shows companies grouped on an industry basis, allowing easy comparisons between the same sector companies and the overall market.
The net asset value of each company is reported as a guide to assess the value of stocks based on this measure quickly. The chart also shows daily changes in stock prices and the percentage year to date price movement based on the last traded prices.
Dividends paid or payable and yields for each company are shown in the Main and Junior Markets’ daily report charts along with the closing volume pertaining to the highest bid and the lowest offer for each company.
The EPS & PE ratios are based on 2021 and 2022 actual or projected earnings, excluding major one off items. The PE Ratio is the most popular measure used to determine the value of stocks.
More trading gains for the JSE markets
Trading picked up on the Jamaica Stock Exchange on Tuesday with increased volume and value of stocks traded and leading to a rise in Main Market major indices and a slight rise in the JSE USD Index but the Junior Market Index declined.
at the close of trading the JSE Combined Market Index popped 957.80 points to 345,567.64. The All Jamaican Composite Index rose 2,328.48 points to 369,604.09, the JSE Main Index advanced 1,411.65 points to end trading at 334,046.03, but the Junior Market Index declined 38.64 points to finish at 3,701.11 and the JSE USD Market Index advanced 0.89 points to close at 239.93.
Shares in the preference segment of the Main Market not included in the TOP10 graphs ended with Eppley 7.25% preference share advancing $1.75 to end at $19.25, Jamaica Public Service 7% losing $15.97 to close at $90 and 138 Student Living preference share shedding $25 an ended at $125.
At the close, investors exchanged 41,256,345 shares in all three markets, up from 31,480,265 units on Monday, with the value of stocks trading amounting to $187.5 million up from $91.7 million on Monday. 
Trading on the JSE USD market resulted in investors exchanging 12,114 shares for US$1,838 down from 169,789 units at US$62,331 on Monday.
The market’s PE ratio ended at 17.2 on 2022-23 earnings and 11.5 times those for 2023-24 at the close of trading.
Investors need pertinent information to successfully navigate numerous investment options in the local stock market. The ICInsider.com PE ratio chart and the more detailed daily report charts provide investors with regularly updated information to help decision-making.
Investors should use the chart to help make rational decisions when investing in stocks close to the average for the sector and not going too far from it unless there are compelling reasons to do so. This approach helps to remove emotions from investment decisions and put in on fundamentals while at the same time not being too far from the majority of investors. Investors who buy when the price of a stock is close to the average will find that they are not inclined to overpay for a stock.
The ICInsider.com PE ratio chart covers all ordinary shares on the Jamaica Stock Exchange and shows companies grouped on an industry basis, allowing easy comparisons between the same sector companies and the overall market.
The net asset value of each company is reported as a guide to assess the value of stocks based on this measure quickly. The chart also shows daily changes in stock prices and the percentage year to date price movement based on the last traded prices.
Dividends paid or payable and yields for each company are shown in the Main and Junior Markets’ daily report charts along with the closing volume pertaining to the highest bid and the lowest offer for each company.
The EPS & PE ratios are based on 2021 and 2022 actual or projected earnings, excluding major one off items. The PE Ratio is the most popular measure used to determine the value of stocks.
Trading climbs for the JSE but indices fall
The volume as the value of stocks trading on the Jamaica Stock Exchange on Monday rose over Friday’s levels but the market indices went into a decline at the close of the market after some stocks traded at record high levels, including Transjamaican, an ICInsider.com BUY RATED stock that traded at a new high of $2.20 after the company released eye-popping first quarter results.
Trading ended with the JSE Combined Market Index dipping 685.38 points to 345,848.11, the All Jamaican Composite Index shedding 1,238.27 points to end at 344,609.84, the JSE Main Index dropping 1,073.25 points to 332,634.38, as the Junior Market Index declined by 25.87 points to finish at 3,739.75 and the JSE USD Market Index slipped fell 0.44 points to 239.04.
Shares in the preference segment of the Main Market not included in the TOP10 graphs ended with Eppley 7.25% preference share losing $2.49 in closing at $17.50, Jamaica Public Service 7% rallied $15.65 to $95, Jamaica Public Service 7% increased $10.97 to end at $105.97 and Productive Business Solutions 10.5% preference share rose $10 to end at $1225.
At the close, investors exchanged 31,480,265 shares in all three markets, up from 12,830,644 units on Friday, with the value of stocks trading amounting to $91.7 million up from $75.85 million on Friday. Trading on the JSE USD market resulted in investors exchanging 169,789 shares for US$62,331 from 120,088 units at US$5,287 on Friday.
The market’s PE ratio ended at 17.8 on 2022-23 earnings and 11.5 times those for 2023-24 at the close of trading.
Investors need pertinent information to successfully navigate numerous investment options in the local stock market. The ICInsider.com PE ratio chart and the more detailed daily report charts provide investors with regularly updated information to help decision-making.
Investors should use the chart to help make rational decisions when investing in stocks close to the average for the sector and not going too far from it unless there are compelling reasons to do so. This approach helps to remove emotions from investment decisions and put in on fundamentals while at the same time not being too far from the majority of investors. Investors who buy when the price of a stock is close to the average will find that they are not inclined to overpay for a stock.
The ICInsider.com PE ratio chart covers all ordinary shares on the Jamaica Stock Exchange and shows companies grouped on an industry basis, allowing easy comparisons between the same sector companies and the overall market.
The net asset value of each company is reported as a guide to assess the value of stocks based on this measure quickly. The chart also shows daily changes in stock prices and the percentage year to date price movement based on the last traded prices.
Dividends paid or payable and yields for each company are shown in the Main and Junior Markets’ daily report charts along with the closing volume pertaining to the highest bid and the lowest offer for each company.
The EPS & PE ratios are based on 2021 and 2022 actual or projected earnings, excluding major one off items. The PE Ratio is the most popular measure used to determine the value of stocks.
Trading picks up for the JSE
The Junior Market held just above Thursday’s and the previous week’s close, while the JSE Main and USD Markets ended the day lower, with the Main Market ending the week lower than that of the previous week but the USD Market held above the previous week’s close, following a moderate trading session with a modest increase in volume as the value of stocks changing hands nearly doubled that on Thursday.
At the close of trading the JSE Combined Market Index dropped 685.38 points to 345,848.11. The All Jamaican Composite Index fell 2,547.79 points to close at 369,575.13, the JSE Main Index fell 776.23 points to 333,707.63, as the Junior Market Index rose 4.85 points to close at 3,766.85 and the JSE USD Market Index slipped 0.22 points to 239.48.
Shares in the preference segment of the Main Market not included in the TOP10 graphs ended with
Eppley 5% preference share rising $3.97 in closing at $22, Jamaica Public Service 7% rallied $15.65 to $95, Jamaica Public Service 9.5% increased $20 to end at $3000 and Productive Business Solutions 9.75% preference share popped $10.90 to close at $106.93.
At the close, investors exchanged 12,830,644 shares in all three markets, up from 12,474,760 units on Thursday, with the value of stocks trading amounting to $75.85 million compared with $39.2 million on Thursday. Trading on the JSE USD market resulted in investors exchanging 120,088 shares for US$5,287 from 21,693 units at US$2,318 on Thursday.
The market’s PE ratio ended at 18.3 on 2022-23 earnings and 12.3 times those for 2023-24 at the close of trading.
Investors need pertinent information to successfully navigate numerous investment options in the local stock market. The ICInsider.com PE ratio chart and the more detailed daily report charts provide investors with regularly updated information to help decision-making.
Investors should use the chart to help make rational decisions when investing in stocks close to the average for the sector and not going too far from it unless there are compelling reasons to do so. This approach helps to remove emotions from investment decisions and put in on fundamentals while at the same time not being too far from the majority of investors. Investors who buy when the price of a stock is close to the average will find that they are not inclined to overpay for a stock.
The ICInsider.com PE ratio chart covers all ordinary shares on the Jamaica Stock Exchange and shows companies grouped on an industry basis, allowing easy comparisons between the same sector companies and the overall market.
The net asset value of each company is reported as a guide to assess the value of stocks based on this measure quickly. The chart also shows daily changes in stock prices and the percentage year to date price movement based on the last traded prices.
Dividends paid or payable and yields for each company are shown in the Main and Junior Markets’ daily report charts along with the closing volume pertaining to the highest bid and the lowest offer for each company.
The EPS & PE ratios are based on 2021 and 2022 actual or projected earnings, excluding major one off items. The PE Ratio is the most popular measure used to determine the value of stocks.
Junior and JSE USD markets climb
Junior and the JSE USD Markets ended trading with gains at the end of trading on Thursday, but the JSE Main market slipped modestly to end trading following a moderate trading session with a reduced volume and value of stocks changing hands.
At the close of trading, the JSE Combined Market Index popped 329.81 points to 346,533.49. The All Jamaican Composite Index advanced 3,407.99 points to 372,122.92, the JSE Main Index slipped 84.16 points to end trading at 334,483.86, the Junior Market Index rose 44.61 points to close at 3,762.00 and the JSE USD Market Index popped 5.79 points to 240.11.
Shares in the preference segment of the Main Market that are not included in the TOP10 graphs ended with Productive Business 10.5% preference share losing $5 to close at $1215, Jamaica Public Service 7% rising $19.35 to close at $79.35 and Jamaica Public Service 9.5% shedding $20 to end at $2,980.
At the close, investors exchanged 12,474,760 shares in all three markets, down from 13,336,404 units on Wednesday, with the value of stocks trading amounting to $39.2 million compared with $43.3 million on Wednesday. 
Trading on the JSE USD market resulted in investors exchanging 21,693 shares for US$2,318 from 39,854 units at US$2,210 Wednesday.
The market’s PE ratio ended at 18.2 on 2022-23 earnings and 12.2 times those for 2023-24 at the close of trading.
Investors need pertinent information to successfully navigate numerous investment options in the local stock market. The ICInsider.com PE ratio chart and the more detailed daily report charts provide investors with regularly updated information to help decision-making.
Investors should use the chart to help make rational decisions when investing in stocks close to the average for the sector and not going too far from it unless there are compelling reasons to do so. This approach helps to remove emotions from investment decisions and put in on fundamentals while at the same time not being too far from the majority of investors. Investors who buy when the price of a stock is close to the average will find that they are not inclined to overpay for a stock.
The ICInsider.com PE ratio chart covers all ordinary shares on the Jamaica Stock Exchange and shows companies grouped on an industry basis, allowing easy comparisons between the same sector companies and the overall market.
The net asset value of each company is reported as a guide to assess the value of stocks based on this measure quickly. The chart also shows daily changes in stock prices and the percentage year to date price movement based on the last traded prices.
Dividends paid or payable and yields for each company are shown in the Main and Junior Markets’ daily report charts along with the closing volume pertaining to the highest bid and the lowest offer for each company.
The EPS & PE ratios are based on 2021 and 2022 actual or projected earnings, excluding major one off items. The PE Ratio is the most popular measure used to determine the value of stocks.
Big fall for JSE Main and Junior Markets
All three JSE Markets recorded gains at the end of trading on Wednesday, following a moderate trading session with a reduced volume of shares changing hands as the value of stocks traded dropped sharply compared to Tuesday.
The JSE Combined Market Index climbed 708.92 points to 346,203.68. The All Jamaican Composite Index declined 511.59 points to 368,714.93, the JSE Main Index advanced 437.53 points to 334,568.02, as the Junior Market Index jumped 32.84 points to 3,717.39 and the JSE USD Market Index popped 1.03 points to 234.32.
Shares in the preference segment of the Main Market not included in the TOP10 graphs ended with Eppley 5% preference share dropping $4.95 to close trading at $18.03, 138 Student Living preference share popping $17.81 to $150 and Productive Business 10.5% preference share increasing by $20 to end at $1,220.
At the close, investors exchanged 13,336,404 shares in all three markets, down from 16,737,915 units on Tuesday, with the value of stocks trading amounting to $43.3 million compared with $80.3 million on Tuesday. Trading on the JSE USD market resulted in investors exchanging 39,854 shares for US$2,210 from 117,602 units at US$19,660 Tuesday.
The market’s PE ratio ended at 18.4 on 2022-23 earnings and 12.2 times those for 2023-24 at the close of trading.
Investors need pertinent information to successfully navigate numerous investment options in the local stock market. The ICInsider.com PE ratio chart and the more detailed daily report charts provide investors with regularly updated information to help decision-making.
Investors should use the chart to help make rational decisions when investing in stocks close to the average for the sector and not going too far from it unless there are compelling reasons to do so. This approach helps to remove emotions from investment decisions and put in on fundamentals while at the same time not being too far from the majority of investors. Investors who buy when the price of a stock is close to the average will find that they are not inclined to overpay for a stock.
The ICInsider.com PE ratio chart covers all ordinary shares on the Jamaica Stock Exchange and shows companies grouped on an industry basis, allowing easy comparisons between the same sector companies and the overall market.
The net asset value of each company is reported as a guide to assess the value of stocks based on this measure quickly. The chart also shows daily changes in stock prices and the percentage year to date price movement based on the last traded prices.
Dividends paid or payable and yields for each company are shown in the Main and Junior Markets’ daily report charts along with the closing volume pertaining to the highest bid and the lowest offer for each company.
The EPS & PE ratios are based on 2021 and 2022 actual or projected earnings, excluding major one off items. The PE Ratio is the most popular measure used to determine the value of stocks.
Big fall for JSE Main and Junior Markets
The JSE Main Market and the Junior Market suffered sharp declines in trading on Tuesday but the USD market rose moderately at the close, following another moderate trading session with increased value from a lower volume of stocks traded compared with Monday’s levels.
Trading ended after the JSE Combined Market Index dropped 3,556.37 points to end at 345,494.75. The All Jamaican Composite Index dumped 3,226.09 points to end at 369,226.52, the JSE Main Index dived 3,014.50 points to 334,130.49, as the Junior Market Index plunged 81.24 points to end at 3,684.54 and the JSE USD Market Index popped 1.10 points to 233.29.
Shares in the preference segment of the Main Market not included in the TOP10 graphs ended with 138 Student Living preference share rising $12.02 to $132.19 and Productive Business 9.75% preference share increasing $4 to end at $96.
At the close, investors exchanged 16,737,915 shares in all three markets, down from 21,449,554 units on Monday, with the value of stocks trading amounting to $80.3 million compared with $61.2 million on Monday. Trading on the JSE USD market resulted in investors exchanging 117,602 shares for US$19,660 from 721,255 units at US$11,283 Monday.
The market’s PE ratio ended at 18.3 on 2022-23 earnings and 12.3 times those for 2023-24 at the close of trading.
Investors need pertinent information to successfully navigate numerous investment options in the local stock market. The ICInsider.com PE ratio chart and the more detailed daily report charts provide investors with regularly updated information to help decision-making.
Investors should use the chart to help make rational decisions when investing in stocks close to the average for the sector and not going too far from it unless there are compelling reasons to do so. This approach helps to remove emotions from investment decisions and put in on fundamentals while at the same time not being too far from the majority of investors. Investors who buy when the price of a stock is close to the average will find that they are not inclined to overpay for a stock.
The ICInsider.com PE ratio chart covers all ordinary shares on the Jamaica Stock Exchange and shows companies grouped on an industry basis, allowing easy comparisons between the same sector companies and the overall market.
The net asset value of each company is reported as a guide to assess the value of stocks based on this measure quickly. The chart also shows daily changes in stock prices and the percentage year to date price movement based on the last traded prices.
Dividends paid or payable and yields for each company are shown in the Main and Junior Markets’ daily report charts along with the closing volume pertaining to the highest bid and the lowest offer for each company.
The EPS & PE ratios are based on 2021 and 2022 actual or projected earnings, excluding major one off items. The PE Ratio is the most popular measure used to determine the value of stocks.
JSE Main Market rises Junior Market steady on Monday
The JSE Main Market jumped on Monday while the Junior Market just about held on to a few points at the close after trading over 3,800 points for most of the morning session the USD market slipped at the close, following another moderate trading session but with an increase in value and volume of stocks traded over Friday’s levels.
Trading ended after the JSE Combined Market Index popped 2,137.12 points to 349,051.12. The All Jamaican Composite Index rose 741.69 points to 372,452.61, the JSE Main Index gained 2,274.28 points to settle at 337,144.99, as the Junior Market Index popped 1.65 points to close at 3,765.78 and the JSE USD Market Index dipped 5.57 points to 232.19.
Shares in the preference segment of the Main Market that are not included in the TOP10 graphs ended with Eppley 7.75% preference share advanced $2.21 to $19.75, Jamaica Public Service 7% dropped $15 in closing at $60, 138 Student Living preference share popped $15.67 in closing at $120.17 and Productive Business 10.50% preference share increased $50 to end at $1200.
At the close, investors exchanged 21,449,554 shares in all three markets, up from 17,722,313 units on Friday, with the value of stocks trading amounting to $61.2 million compared with $69.9 million on Friday. Trading on the JSE USD market resulted in investors exchanging 721,255 shares for US$11,283 from 88,165 units at US$11,398 on Friday.
The market’s PE ratio ended at 18.8 on 2022-23 earnings and 12.5 times those for 2023-24 at the close of trading.
Investors need pertinent information to successfully navigate numerous investment options in the local stock market. The ICInsider.com PE ratio chart and the more detailed daily charts provide investors with regularly updated information to help decision-making.
Investors should use the chart to help make rational decisions when investing in stocks close to the average for the sector and not going too far from it unless there are compelling reasons to do so. This approach helps to remove emotions from investment decisions and put in on fundamentals while at the same time not being too far from the majority of investors. Investors who buy when the price of a stock is close to the average will find that they are not inclined to overpay for a stock.
The ICInsider.com PE ratio chart covers all ordinary shares on the Jamaica Stock Exchange and shows companies grouped on an industry basis, allowing easy comparisons between the same sector companies and the overall market.
The net asset value of each company is reported as a guide to assess the value of stocks based on this measure quickly. The chart also shows daily changes in stock prices and the percentage year to date price movement based on the last traded prices.
Dividends paid or payable and yields for each company are shown in the Main and Junior Markets’ daily report charts along with the closing volume pertaining to the highest bid and the lowest offer for each company.
The EPS & PE ratios are based on 2021 and 2022 actual or projected earnings, excluding major one off items. The PE Ratio is the most popular measure used to determine the value of stocks.
Trading climbs on Jamaica Stock Exchange
The JSE USD market jumped sharply at the close on Friday while the Main Market recorded modest gains but the Junior Market of the Jamaica Stock Exchange slipped towards the close after trading up with the market index clearing the 3,800 points level for most of the morning session following a moderate trading session but with an increase in value and volume of stocks traded over Thursday’s levels.
Trading ended with the JSE Combined Market Index popping 1,250.75 points to 346,914.00. The All Jamaican Composite Index declined 1,306.49 points to end at 371,710 .92, the JSE Main Index rallied 1,443.60 points to close at 334,870.71, the Junior Market Index shed 10.52 points in closing at 3,764.13 and the JSE USD Market Index jumped 12.51 points to 237.76.
Shares in the preference segment of the Main Market that are not in the TOP10 graphs ended with Jamaica Public Service 7% rose $7 in closing at $75.
At the close, investors exchanged 17,722,313 shares in all three markets, up from 7,982,611 units on Thursday, with the value of stocks trading amounting to $69.9 million compared with $43.4 million on Thursday. Trading on the JSE USD market resulted in investors exchanging 88,165 shares for US$11,398 from 122,385 units at US$18,559 on Thursday.
The market’s PE ratio ended at 18.7 on 2022-23 earnings and 12.4 times those for 2023-24 at the close of trading.
Investors need pertinent information to successfully navigate numerous investment options in the local stock market. The ICInsider.com PE ratio chart and the more detailed daily report charts provide investors with regularly updated information to help decision-making.
Investors should use the chart to help make rational decisions when investing in stocks close to the average for the sector and not going too far from it unless there are compelling reasons to do so. This approach helps to remove emotions from investment decisions and put in on fundamentals while at the same time not being too far from the majority of investors. Investors who buy when the price of a stock is close to the average will find that they are not inclined to overpay for a stock.
The ICInsider.com PE ratio chart covers all ordinary shares on the Jamaica Stock Exchange and shows companies grouped on an industry basis, allowing easy comparisons between the same sector companies and the overall market.
The net asset value of each company is reported as a guide to assess the value of stocks based on this measure quickly. The chart also shows daily changes in stock prices and the percentage year to date price movement based on the last traded prices.
Dividends paid or payable and yields for each company are shown in the Main and Junior Markets’ daily report charts along with the closing volume pertaining to the highest bid and the lowest offer for each company.
The EPS & PE ratios are based on 2021 and 2022 actual or projected earnings, excluding major one off items. The PE Ratio is the most popular measure used to determine the value of stocks.
Trading plunges again on the JSE
The Junior Market of the Jamaica Stock Exchange rallied all during the day and ended trading on Thursday, markedly higher but the Main market struggled all day and ended a few thousand points lower than the close of the previous day and the JSE USD slipped moderately at the close as trading remained subdued, following a decline in the value and volume of stocks trading compared to Wednesday.
At the end of trading, the JSE Combined Market Index dropped 2,908.79 points after landing at 345,663.25. The All Jamaican Composite Index shed 1,994.64 points to close at 373,017.41, the JSE Main Index fell 3,512.01 points to 333,427.11, as the Junior Market Index jumped 40.23 points in cending at 3,774.65 and the JSE USD Market Index slipped 1.21 points to 224.10.
Shares in the preference segment of the Main Market that are not in the TOP10 graphs ended with Jamaica Public Service 7% dived $22.52 in closing at $68 and Productive Business Solutions 10.5% preference share dropped $50 to end at $1,150.
At the close, investors exchanged 7,982,611 shares in all three markets, down from 12,307,693 units on Wednesday, with the value of stocks trading amounting to $43.4 million compared with $59.37 million on Wednesday. Trading on the JSE USD market resulted in investors exchanging 122,385 shares for US$18,559 from 1,042,369 units at US$14,647 on Wednesday.
The market’s PE ratio ended at 18.8 on 2022-23 earnings and 12.6 times those for 2023-24 at the close of trading.
Investors need pertinent information to successfully navigate numerous investment options in the local stock market. The ICInsider.com PE ratio chart and the more detailed daily report charts provide investors with regularly updated information to help decision-making.
Investors should use the chart to help make rational decisions when investing in stocks close to the average for the sector and not going too far from it unless there are compelling reasons to do so. This approach helps to remove emotions from investment decisions and put in on fundamentals while at the same time not being too far from the majority of investors. Investors who buy when the price of a stock is close to the average will find that they are not inclined to overpay for a stock.
The ICInsider.com PE ratio chart covers all ordinary shares on the Jamaica Stock Exchange and shows companies grouped on an industry basis, allowing easy comparisons between the same sector companies and the overall market.
The net asset value of each company is reported as a guide to assess the value of stocks based on this measure quickly. The chart also shows daily changes in stock prices and the percentage year to date price movement based on the last traded prices.
Dividends paid or payable and yields for each company are shown in the Main and Junior Markets’ daily report charts along with the closing volume pertaining to the highest bid and the lowest offer for each company.
The EPS & PE ratios are based on 2021 and 2022 actual or projected earnings, excluding major one off items. The PE Ratio is the most popular measure used to determine the value of stocks.